23-25 March 2017
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
Hundreds of hydropower projects have been proposed for the Andean Amazon region, as well as for other biodiverse regions of the world undergoing unprecedented rates of hydropower expansion. Our premise is that regional planning needs to consider basin-wide ecosystem services when determining which hydropower projects to develop. This requires that we first understand how different configurations of hydropower project portfolios influence a suite of ecosystem services across the Andes Amazon basin. Our working group will hold a set of meetings in 2017-2018 to develop a scientific framework for understanding cumulative impacts of hydropower expansion on ecosystem services in data-scarce regions such as the Andes Amazon.
These working group meetings are designed to organize a community of experts working in the Andes Amazon, so that we can collaboratively explore how best to meet our goal of preserving ecosystem services under hydropower expansion. We will organize these meetings around the central theme of integrated, basin-wide planning, i.e., understanding the trade-offs between hydropower expansion and ecosystem services across the entire Andes Amazon, rather than focusing on individual projects and local environmental impacts. As starting points, we would like to consider the following questions:
- What are the cumulative effects of multiple dams on hydrologically-based ecosystem services in extensive dam networks?
- For different spatial configurations of dam networks, what are the trade-offs between aggregate hydropower yields and ecosystem service production
- What are the critical thresholds whereby ecosystem services are severely compromised by the construction of additional hydropower projects?
An ultimate goal is to establish whether there are generalizable “rules” in designing configurations of dams that minimize functional impairment to ecosystem services yet meet acceptable hydropower targets within some defined economic constraint. We recognize the many challenges here, given the scarcity of information for the region, and it will be important for us to identify key analytical approaches and data gaps critical for addressing these questions.
Our first meeting will have two stages. The first afternoon (March 23) and morning (March 24) will be spent with participant overviews of topics related to our different areas of expertise, and will help to provide context for the working group. The remainder of the meeting will be divided between smaller breakout groups and group discussions. By the end of this first meeting, we want to:
- Generate a list of hydrologically-based ecosystem services in the Andes Amazon that are vital, relevant, and quantifiable.
- Discuss approaches for exploring cumulative impacts of multiple dams, tradeoffs between hydropower and ecosystem services, and optimal spatial configurations in dam networks.
- Discuss how to get a handle on these services for proposed hydropower projects in the region, using existing data, best estimates, and modeling approaches.
- Identify some of the most severe data gaps for understanding tradeoffs between hydropower and ecosystem services.
- Discuss tangible products (e.g., journal publications, proposals, white papers, models) that will result from our working group meetings, along with a timeline.
Top photo credit: Google Earth
Panel 1
AGENDA
23-25 March, 2017
Please note that the meeting locations is in Physical Sciences on Day 1, and 300 Rice Hall on Days 2 and 3
Day 1, Thursday March 23
Meet in 401 Physical Sciences
| Time |
Presenter/Topic |
| 12:30 – 1 pm* |
Alex Flecker |
Introductions and Vision for Meetings |
| 1 – 1:10 pm |
David Lodge |
(ACSF) Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future |
| 1:10 – 1:30 pm |
LeRoy Poff |
Dams and the natural flow regime |
| 1:30 – 1:50 pm |
Steve Hamilton |
The global hydropower boom: Implications for tropical river systems |
| 1:50 – 2:25 pm |
Jonathan Higgins |
TNC – Hydropower by Design |
| 2:25 – 2:45 pm |
Mariana Montoya |
WCS – Aguas Amazonicas Project |
| 2:45 – 3:10 pm |
|
BREAK |
| 3:10 – 3:30 pm |
Javier Maldonado |
Dams and connectivity on the Rio Magdalena / Amazon Fish Database Project |
| 3:30 – 3:50 pm |
Elizabeth Anderson |
Dams, connectivity, and the Living Andean Rivers Project |
| 3:50 – 4:10 pm |
Carlos Cañas |
Amazon fisheries as a key ecosystem service |
| 4:10 – 4:30 pm |
Andrea Encalada |
Overview of the Ecuadorian Amazon: the Napo and Pastaza |
| 4:30 – 4:50 pm |
Roosevelt Garcia |
Ecosystem services in the Andes-Amazon region |
| 4:50- 5:30 pm |
Group Discussion |
Facilitator: Olvier Dangles |
| 5:30 – 8:30 pm |
|
Cocktail hour, dinner |
*Lunch will be provided
Day 2, Friday, March 24
Meet in 300 Rice Hall
| Time |
Presenter/Topic |
| 9 -9:20 am |
Jorge Abad |
Andean-Amazon connectivity, Sediments, Morphology and potential consequences of hydropower dams |
| 9:20 – 9:40 am |
Carolina Bernal |
Andean geology and sediments |
| 9:40 – 10 am |
Bruce Forsberg |
Estimating impacts of major dams on Amazon sediments and nutrients |
| 10 – 10:20 am |
Group Discussion |
Facilitators: Scott Steinschneider and Todd Walter |
| 10:20 – 10:40 am |
|
BREAK |
| 10:40 – 11 am |
Carla Gomes |
Computational Sustainability and Optimization |
| 11 – 11:30 am |
Xiaojian Wu & Roosevelt Garcia |
Modeling tradeoffs between hydropower and connectivity – an initial approach |
| 11:30 – Noon |
Group Discussion |
Starting framework |
| Noon – 1 pm |
|
Lunch |
| 1- 3:15 pm |
Group Discussion |
Mapping out a strategy/Facilitators: Scott Steinschneider and Suresh Sethi |
| 3:15 – 3:30 pm |
|
BREAK |
| 3:30 – 5 pm |
Group Discussion |
Mapping out a strategy / Identify Working Groups |
| 7:00 pm |
|
Dinner at Flowerpeckers |
Day 3, Saturday, March 25
Meet in 300 Rice Hall
| Time |
Presenter/Topic |
| 9 am – noon |
Working sub-group discussions |
|
| Noon – 1:30 pm |
|
Lunch |
| 1:30- 2:30 pm |
Sub-group reporting |
|
| 2:30 – 3:15 pm |
Group discussion |
Working group goals and products |
| 3:15 – 3:30 pm |
|
BREAK |
| 3:30 – 5 pm |
Group discussion |
Summaries / Meeting #2 Plan |
| 7:00 pm |
|
Dinner at Burtt House |
Download this program here
Panel 2
Selected readings
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Anderson, Elizabeth P., Clinton N. Jenkins, Sebastian Heilpern, Javier A. Maldonado-Ocampo, Fernando M. Carvajal-Vallejos, Andrea C. Encalada, Juan Francisco Rivadeneira, et al. 2018. “
Fragmentation of Andes-to-Amazon Connectivity by Hydropower Dams.”
Science Advances 4 (1): eaao1642.
https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aao1642.
- Brown, Philip H., Desiree Tullos, Bryan Tilt, Darrin Magee, and Aaron T. Wolf. “Modeling the Costs and Benefits of Dam Construction from a Multidisciplinary Perspective.” Journal of Environmental Management, Understanding and linking the biophysical, socio economic and geopolitical effects of dams, 90, Supplement 3 (July 2009): S303–11. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.07.025.
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Burkhard, Benjamin, Franziska Kroll, Stoyan Nedkov, and Felix Müller. “
Mapping Ecosystem Service Supply, Demand and Budgets.”
Ecological Indicators, Challenges of sustaining natural capital and ecosystem services Quantification, modelling & valuation/accounting, 21 (October 2012): 17–29. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.06.019.
- Carvajal-Quintero, Juan D., Stephanie R. Januchowski-Hartley, Javier A. Maldonado-Ocampo, Céline Jézéquel, Juliana Delgado, and Pablo A. Tedesco. “Damming Fragments Species’ Ranges and Heightens Extinction Risk.” Conservation Letters, January 1, 2017, n/a-n/a. doi:10.1111/conl.12336.
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Castello, Leandro, David G. McGrath, Laura L. Hess, Michael T. Coe, Paul A. Lefebvre, Paulo Petry, Marcia N. Macedo, Vivian F. Renó, and Caroline C. Arantes. “
The Vulnerability of Amazon Freshwater Ecosystems.”
Conservation Letters 6, no. 4 (July 1, 2013): 217–29. doi:10.1111/conl.12008.
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Coomes, O. T., Y. Takasaki, C. Abizaid, and B. L. Barham. “
Floodplain Fisheries as Natural Insurance for the Rural Poor in Tropical Forest Environments: Evidence from Amazonia.”
Fisheries Management and Ecology 17, no. 6 (December 1, 2010): 513–21. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2400.2010.00750.x.
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Finer, Matt, and Clinton N. Jenkins. “
Proliferation of Hydroelectric Dams in the Andean Amazon and Implications for Andes-Amazon Connectivity.”
PLOS ONE 7, no. 4 (April 18, 2012): e35126. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035126.
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Forsberg, Bruce R., John M. Melack, Thomas Dunne, Ronaldo B. Barthem, Michael Goulding, Rodrigo C. D. Paiva, Mino V. Sorribas, Urbano L. Silva Jr, and Sabine Weisser. 2017. “
The Potential Impact of New Andean Dams on Amazon Fluvial Ecosystems.”
PLOS ONE 12 (8): e0182254. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0182254.
- Grill, Günther, Camille Ouellet Dallaire, Etienne Fluet Chouinard, Nikolai Sindorf, and Bernhard Lehner. “Development of New Indicators to Evaluate River Fragmentation and Flow Regulation at Large Scales: A Case Study for the Mekong River Basin.” Ecological Indicators 45 (October 2014): 148–59. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.03.026.
- Hoes, Olivier A. C., Lourens J. J. Meijer, Ruud J. van der Ent, and Nick C. van de Giesen. “Systematic High-Resolution Assessment of Global Hydropower Potential.” Edited by Z. Daniel Deng. PLOS ONE 12, no. 2 (February 8, 2017): e0171844. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0171844.
- Jager, Henriëtte I., Rebecca A. Efroymson, Jeff J. Opperman, and Michael R. Kelly. “Spatial Design Principles for Sustainable Hydropower Development in River Basins.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 45 (May 2015): 808–16. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.01.067.
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Kareiva, Peter M. “
Dam Choices: Analyses for Multiple Needs.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, no. 15 (April 10, 2012): 5553–54. doi:10.1073/pnas.1203263109.
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King, S., and J. R. O’Hanley. “
Optimal Fish Passage Barrier Removal—Revisited.”
River Research and Applications 32, no. 3 (March 1, 2016): 418–28. doi:10.1002/rra.2859.
- Kuby, Michael J., William F. Fagan, Charles S. ReVelle, and William L. Graf. “A Multiobjective Optimization Model for Dam Removal: An Example Trading off Salmon Passage with Hydropower and Water Storage in the Willamette Basin.” Advances in Water Resources 28, no. 8 (August 2005): 845–55. doi:10.1016/j.advwatres.2004.12.015.
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Martínez-Harms, María José, and Patricia Balvanera. “
Methods for Mapping Ecosystem Service Supply: A Review.”
International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management 8, no. 1–2 (June 1, 2012): 17–25. doi:10.1080/21513732.2012.663792.
- McClain, Michael E., and Robert J. Naiman. “Andean Influences on the Biogeochemistry and Ecology of the Amazon River.” BioScience 58, no. 4 (2008): 325. doi:10.1641/B580408.
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McCluney, Kevin E, N LeRoy Poff, Margaret A Palmer, James H Thorp, Geoffrey C Poole, Bradley S Williams, Michael R Williams, and Jill S Baron. “
Riverine Macrosystems Ecology: Sensitivity, Resistance, and Resilience of Whole River Basins with Human Alterations.”
Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 48–58. doi:10.1890/120367.
- McKay, S. K., A. R. Cooper, M. W. Diebel, D. Elkins, G. Oldford, C. Roghair, and D. Wieferich. “Informing Watershed Connectivity Barrier Prioritization Decisions: A Synthesis: Synthesizing Barrier Prioritization.” River Research and Applications, 2016, n/a-n/a. doi:10.1002/rra.3021.
- Nilsson, Christer, Catherine A. Reidy, Mats Dynesius, and Carmen Revenga. “Fragmentation and Flow Regulation of the World’s Large River Systems.” Science 308, no. 5720 (2005): 405–408.
- Opperman, J., Günther Grill, and J. Hartmann. “The Power of Rivers.” The Nature Conservancy, 2015.
- Räsänen, Timo A., Paradis Someth, Hannu Lauri, Jorma Koponen, Juha Sarkkula, and Matti Kummu. “Observed River Discharge Changes due to Hydropower Operations in the Upper Mekong Basin.” Journal of Hydrology 545 (February 2017): 28–41. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.023.
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Sethi, Suresh Andrew, Jesse R. O’Hanley, Jonathon Gerken, Joshua Ashline, and Catherine Bradley. 2017. “
High Value of Ecological Information for River Connectivity Restoration.”
Landscape Ecology, September, 1–10. doi:10.1007/s10980-017-0571-2.
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Venticinque, Eduardo, Bruce Forsberg, Ronaldo Barthem, Paulo Petry, Laura Hess, Armando Mercado, Carlos Cañas, Mariana Montoya, Carlos Durigan, and Michael Goulding. “
An Explicit GIS-Based River Basin Framework for Aquatic Ecosystem Conservation in the Amazon.”
Earth System Science Data 8, no. 2 (November 23, 2016): 651–61. doi:10.5194/essd-8-651-2016.
- Winemiller, K. O., P. B. McIntyre, L. Castello, E. Fluet-Chouinard, T. Giarrizzo, S. Nam, I. G. Baird, et al. “Balancing Hydropower and Biodiversity in the Amazon, Congo, and Mekong.” Science 351, no. 6269 (2016): 128–129.
- Zarfl, Christiane, Alexander E. Lumsdon, Jürgen Berlekamp, Laura Tydecks, and Klement Tockner. “A Global Boom in Hydropower Dam Construction.” Aquatic Sciences 77, no. 1 (January 2015): 161–70. doi:10.1007/s00027-014-0377-0.
- Ziv, Guy, Eric Baran, So Nam, Ignacio Rodríguez-Iturbe, and Simon A. Levin. “Trading-off Fish Biodiversity, Food Security, and Hydropower in the Mekong River Basin.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, no. 15 (2012): 5609–5614.
Additional readings
-
Bayley, Peter B. “
The Flood Pulse Advantage and the Restoration of River-Floodplain Systems.”
Regulated Rivers: Research & Management 6, no. 2 (April 1, 1991): 75–86. doi:10.1002/rrr.3450060203.
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Benchimol, Maíra, and Carlos A. Peres. “
Widespread Forest Vertebrate Extinctions Induced by a Mega Hydroelectric Dam in Lowland Amazonia.”
PLOS ONE 10, no. 7 (July 1, 2015): e0129818. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129818.
-
- Bodmer, Richard E. “Responses of Ungulates to Seasonal Inundations in the Amazon Floodplain.” Journal of Tropical Ecology 6, no. 2 (May 1990): 191–201. doi:10.1017/S0266467400004314.
- Carvajal-Quintero, Juan D., Federico Escobar, Fredy Alvarado, Francisco A. Villa-Navarro, Úrsula Jaramillo-Villa, and Javier A. Maldonado-Ocampo. “Variation in Freshwater Fish Assemblages along a Regional Elevation Gradient in the Northern Andes, Colombia.” Ecology and Evolution 5, no. 13 (July 1, 2015): 2608–20. doi:10.1002/ece3.1539.
- Coelho, Raquel, and Alexandre Lima, eds. Avaliação de Risco de Morte de Peixes Em Usinas Hidrelétricas. Peixe Vivo 5. Belo Horizonte: Cemig, 2016.
- Barthem, Ronaldo B., Michael Goulding, Rosseval G. Leite, Carlos Cañas, Bruce Forsberg, Eduardo Venticinque, Paulo Petry, Mauro L. de B. Ribeiro, Junior Chuctaya, and Armando Mercado. “Goliath Catfish Spawning in the Far Western Amazon Confirmed by the Distribution of Mature Adults, Drifting Larvae and Migrating Juveniles.” Scientific Reports 7 (February 6, 2017): 41784. doi:10.1038/srep41784.
- Benda, L. E. E., N. Leroy Poff, Daniel Miller, Thomas Dunne, Gordon Reeves, George Pess, and Michael Pollock. “The Network Dynamics Hypothesis: How Channel Networks Structure Riverine Habitats.” BioScience 54, no. 5 (2004): 413–427.
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- Carrara, F., F. Altermatt, I. Rodriguez-Iturbe, and A. Rinaldo. “Dendritic Connectivity Controls Biodiversity Patterns in Experimental Metacommunities.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, no. 15 (April 10, 2012): 5761–66. doi:10.1073/pnas.1119651109.
- Constantine, José Antonio, Thomas Dunne, Joshua Ahmed, Carl Legleiter, and Eli D. Lazarus. “Sediment Supply as a Driver of River Meandering and Floodplain Evolution in the Amazon Basin.” Nature Geoscience 7, no. 12 (November 2, 2014): 899–903. doi:10.1038/ngeo2282.
- Cote, David, Dan G. Kehler, Christina Bourne, and Yolanda F. Wiersma. “A New Measure of Longitudinal Connectivity for Stream Networks.” Landscape Ecology 24, no. 1 (January 2009): 101–13. doi:10.1007/s10980-008-9283-y.
- Draper, Frederick C, Katherine H Roucoux, Ian T Lawson, Edward T A Mitchard, Euridice N Honorio Coronado, Outi Lähteenoja, Luis Torres Montenegro, Elvis Valderrama Sandoval, Ricardo Zaráte, and Timothy R Baker. “The Distribution and Amount of Carbon in the Largest Peatland Complex in Amazonia.” Environmental Research Letters 9, no. 12 (December 1, 2014): 124017. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/12/124017.
- Fullerton, A. H., K. M. Burnett, E. A. Steel, R. L. Flitcroft, G. R. Pess, B. E. Feist, C. E. Torgersen, D. J. Miller, and B.L. Sanderson. “Hydrological Connectivity for Riverine Fish: Measurement Challenges and Research Opportunities: Hydrological Connectivity for Riverine Fish.” Freshwater Biology, June 9, 2010, no-no. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2010.02448.x.
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Hermoso, Virgilio. “
Freshwater Ecosystems Could Become the Biggest Losers of the Paris Agreement.”
Global Change Biology, March 1, 2017, n/a-n/a. doi:10.1111/gcb.13655.
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Grill, Günther, Bernhard Lehner, Alexander E. Lumsdon, Graham K. MacDonald, Christiane Zarfl, and Catherine Reidy Liermann. “
An Index-Based Framework for Assessing Patterns and Trends in River Fragmentation and Flow Regulation by Global Dams at Multiple Scales.”
Environmental Research Letters 10, no. 1 (2015): 015001. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/10/1/015001.
- Junk, Wolfgang J., P. B. Bayley, and R. E. Sparks. “The Flood Pulse Concept in River-Floodplain Systems.” Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 106, no. 1 (1989): 110–27.
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Kemenes, Alexandre, Bruce Rider Forsberg, and John Michael Melack. “
Methane Release below a Tropical Hydroelectric Dam.”
Geophysical Research Letters 34, no. 12 (June 1, 2007): L12809. doi:10.1029/2007GL029479.
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Kougias, Ioannis P., and Nicolaos P. Theodossiou. “
Application of the Harmony Search Optimization Algorithm for the Solution of the Multiple Dam System Scheduling.”
Optimization and Engineering 14, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 331–44. doi:10.1007/s11081-011-9183-x.
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Kvist, Lars Peter, and Gustav Nebel. “
A Review of Peruvian Flood Plain Forests: Ecosystems, Inhabitants and Resource Use.”
Forest Ecology and Management, Ecology and Management of the Peruvian Flood Plain Forests, 150, no. 1–2 (September 1, 2001): 3–26. doi:10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00679-4.
- Lees, Alexander C., Carlos A. Peres, Philip M. Fearnside, Maurício Schneider, and Jansen A. S. Zuanon. “Hydropower and the Future of Amazonian Biodiversity.” Biodiversity and Conservation 25, no. 3 (March 2016): 451–66. doi:10.1007/s10531-016-1072-3.
- Manyari, Waleska Valença, and Osmar Abilio de Carvalho. “Environmental Considerations in Energy Planning for the Amazon Region: Downstream Effects of Dams.” Energy Policy 35, no. 12 (December 2007): 6526–34. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2007.07.031.
- McKay, S. Kyle, John R. Schramski, Jock N. Conyngham, and J. Craig Fischenich. “Assessing Upstream Fish Passage Connectivity with Network Analysis.” Ecological Applications 23, no. 6 (2013): 1396–1409.
- McManamay, Ryan A., Shannon K. Brewer, Henriette I. Jager, and Matthew J. Troia. “Organizing Environmental Flow Frameworks to Meet Hydropower Mitigation Needs.” Environmental Management 58, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 365–85. doi:10.1007/s00267-016-0726-y.
- Marengo, Jose A., Laura S. Borma, Daniel A. Rodriguez, Patrícia Pinho, Wagner R. Soares, and Lincoln M. Alves. “Recent Extremes of Drought and Flooding in Amazonia: Vulnerabilities and Human Adaptation” 2013 (June 24, 2013). doi:10.4236/ajcc.2013.22009.
- Nilsson, Christer, and Kajsa Berggren. “Alterations of Riparian Ecosystems Caused by River Regulation.” BioScience 50, no. 9 (2000): 783–792.
- Poff, N. LeRoy, J. David Allan, Mark B. Bain, James R. Karr, Karen L. Prestegaard, Brian D. Richter, Richard E. Sparks, and Julie C. Stromberg. “The Natural Flow Regime.” BioScience 47, no. 11 (1997): 769–84. doi:10.2307/1313099.
- Robinson, C. T., K. Tockner, and J. V. Ward. “The Fauna of Dynamic Riverine Landscapes.” Freshwater Biology 47, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 661–77. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2427.2002.00921.x.
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Röpke, Cristhiana P., Sidinéia Amadio, Jansen Zuanon, Efrem J. G. Ferreira, Cláudia Pereira de Deus, Tiago H. S. Pires, and Kirk O. Winemiller. “
Simultaneous Abrupt Shifts in Hydrology and Fish Assemblage Structure in a Floodplain Lake in the Central Amazon.”
Scientific Reports 7 (January 10, 2017): 40170. doi:10.1038/srep40170.
- Rubio, J., A. Escobedo, C. Vallejos, E. Oyague, A. Vera, and M. Estrada. Marañón: Costo Social de Los Impactos Acumulativos de Cinco Proyectos Hidroeléctricos. Conservación Estratégica 50. Lima: Conservation Strategy Fund, Corbidi, 2017.
- Salo, J., R. Kalliola, I. Häkkinen, Y. Mäkinen, P. Niemelä, M. Puhakka, and P. D. Coley. “River Dynamics and the Diversity of Amazon Lowland Forest.” Nature 322, no. 6076 (1986): 254–58.
- Sanchez-Perez, Jose-Miguel, Sabine Sauvage, and Raghavan Srinivasan. “Modeling Environmental Services in Rivers at Catchment Scale.” In Annales de Limnologie-International Journal of Limnology, 51:A1–A2. EDP Sciences, 2015. http://www.limnology-journal.org/articles/limn/pdf/2015/01/limn150018.pdf.
- Sanders, Luciana M., Kathryn H. Taffs, Debra J. Stokes, Christian J. Sanders, Joseph M. Smoak, Alex Enrich-Prast, Paul A. Macklin, Isaac R. Santos, and Humberto Marotta. “Carbon Accumulation in Amazonian Floodplain Lakes: A Significant Component of Amazon Budgets?: Carbon Accumulation in Amazonian Floodplain Lakes.” Limnology and Oceanography Letters 2, no. 1 (February 2017): 29–35. doi:10.1002/lol2.10034.
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Seliger, C., S. Scheikl, S. Schmutz, R. Schinegger, S. Fleck, J. Neubarth, C. Walder, and S. Muhar. “
Hy:Con: A Strategic Tool For Balancing Hydropower Development And Conservation Needs.”
River Research and Applications 32, no. 7 (September 1, 2016): 1438–49. doi:10.1002/rra.2985.
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Schick, Robert S., and Steven T Lindley. “
Directed Connectivity among Fish Populations in a Riverine Network.”
Journal of Applied Ecology 44, no. 6 (December 1, 2007): 1116–26. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01383.x.
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Steinschneider, S., A. Bernstein, R. Palmer, and A. Polebitski. “
Reservoir Management Optimization for Basin-Wide Ecological Restoration in the Connecticut River.”
Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 140, no. 9 (2014): 04014023.
- Thieme, Michele, Bernhard Lehner, Robin Abell, Stephen K. Hamilton, Josef Kellndorfer, George Powell, and Juan Carlos Riveros. “Freshwater Conservation Planning in Data-Poor Areas: An Example from a Remote Amazonian Basin (Madre de Dios River, Peru and Bolivia).” Biological Conservation 135, no. 4 (April 2007): 484–501. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2006.10.054.
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Toivonen, Tuuli, Sanna Mäki, and Risto Kalliola. “
The Riverscape of Western Amazonia – a Quantitative Approach to the Fluvial Biogeography of the Region.”
Journal of Biogeography 34, no. 8 (August 1, 2007): 1374–87. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01741.x.
Top photo source: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov
Cornell Working Group Meeting 